Resumen Antecedentes: En los pseudoaneurismas infectados de arteria femoral asociados al uso de drogas intravenosas, la ligadura primaria para el tratamiento causa controversia, sin embargo, el territorio comprometido puede continuar irrigado por vías colaterales. Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia del manejo de pseudoaneurismas en un servicio de angiología y cirugía vascular. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de una serie de casos. Resultados: Se reportan 15 pacientes, relación hombre: mujer 14:1, promedio de edad de 42 años. Siete (46.6%) con presentación de pseudoaneurisma femoral izquierdo, 5 (33.3%) de ellos con presentación de pseudoaneurisma femoral derecho, 2 (13.3%) con pseudoaneurisma humeral derecho y uno (6.6%) con pseudoaneurisma humeral izquierdo. En 12 se realizó exclusión del pseudoaneurisma con triple ligadura; y 3 pacientes fueron sometidos a revascularización. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, la ligadura primaria sin revascularización tuvo incidencia de amputación baja y supervivencia alta de los pacientes afectados, siendo la claudicación la secuela más frecuente.

Abstract Background: In intravenous drug-infected femoral pseudoaneurysms, primary ligation for treatment is controversial, but the compromised territory can remain irrigated by collateral routes. Objective: To report the experience in the management of pseudoaneurysms in our angiology and vascular surgery service. Methods: Observational, descriptive study of a series of cases. Results: 15 patients are reported, male: female ratio 14:1, average age 42 years. Seven (46.6%) presented with a left femoral pseudoaneurysm, 5 (33.3%) presented with a right femoral pseudoaneurysm, 2 (13.3%) with a right brachial pseudoaneurysm, and one (6.6%) with a left brachial pseudoaneurysm. In 12, exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm was performed with triple ligation; 3 patients underwent revascularization. Conclusions: In our experience the primary ligature without revascularization has a low incidence of amputation and high survival of affected patients, being claudication the most frequent sequel.

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas a la atención a la salud (IAAS) son un problema para los hospitales; en México se ha reportado una prevalencia de alrededor del 5%. Las IAAS se han relacionado con el índice paciente-enfermera (IPE). El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre el IPE y las IAAS en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel en México. Los registros de asistencia de enfermeras y de IAAS se documentaron desde julio de 2017 hasta diciembre de 2018. El IPE se calculó utilizando los registros de personal de enfermería y el censo de pacientes. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 63,114 datos de asistencia del personal de cinco departamentos del hospital para los turnos de mañana, tarde y noche. El IPE > 2:1 se asoció con un aumento del 54% (IC95% 42–167%; p < 0.001) de riesgo (razón de momios [RM]) para IAAS, ajustado por personal de turno, condiciones especiales y periodos de vigilancia. Las IAAS mayormente asociadas con el IPE fueron infecciones del tracto urinario (RM 1.83; IC 95% 1.34-2.46), neumonía relacionada con procedimientos (RM 2.08; IC95% 1.41-3.07) y varicela (RM 2.33; IC95% 1.08-5.03). Conclusiones: Un alto número de pacientes por enfermera aumenta las probabilidades de varios tipos de IAAS. Es fundamental que el IPE se establezca en las guías y políticas en materia de IAAS, ya que regular el número de pacientes por enfermera puede prevenir las IAAS, así como sus complicaciones.

Abstract Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are a hospital problem with a prevalence of approximately 5% in Mexico. HCAIs have been related to the patient-nurse ratio (PNR). This study aimed to analyze the association between PNR and HCAI in a tertiary-level pediatric hospital. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and prospective study at a tertiary-level pediatric hospital in Mexico. Nursing attendance and HCAIs records were documented from July 2017 to December 2018. PNR was calculated using nurse staffing records and patient census. Results: We obtained 63,114 staff attendance data from five hospital departments for the morning, evening, and night shifts. PNR > 2:1 was associated with a 54% (95% confidence interval (CI) 42-167%; p < 0.001) increased risk (odds ratio (OR)) for HCAIs, adjusted by shift staff, special conditions, and surveillance periods. The HCAIs more associated with PNR were urinary tract infections (OR 1.83; 95%CI 1.34-2.46), procedure-related pneumonia (OR 2.08; 95%CI 1.41-3.07), and varicella (OR 2.33; 95%CI 1.08-5.03). Conclusions: A high number of patients per nurse increased the probability of various types of HCAI. PNR needs to be established the HCAI guidelines and policies, as regulating the number of patients per nurse can prevent HCAIs and their complications.

Resumen La linfadenitis tuberculosa es usualmente indistinguible de las formas de metástasis del carcinoma papilar de tiroides (CPT). Hombre de 31 años, presenta adenopatías cervicales con reporte de nódulo tiroideo TI-RADS (Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System) 5, con biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina positiva para CPT. Se realiza tiroidectomía con resección ganglionar con diagnóstico histopatológico negativo para metástasis, tinción Ziehl-Neelsen positiva. Se inicia manejo antituberculoso. La presentación típica de la linfadenitis tuberculosa cervical cuenta con características comunes con los ganglios metastásicos del CPT. La linfadenopatía cervical en un paciente con un CPT no siempre indica diseminación metastásica de la enfermedad.

Abstract Tuberculous lymphadenitis is usually indistinguishable from metastatic forms of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A 31-year-old man assessed for cervical lymphadenopathies with a TI-RADS (Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System) 5 ultrasound report of a thyroid nodule, with positive fine-needle aspiration biopsy for PTC. Thyroidectomy with lymph node resection was performed with report of lymph node with a result negative for metastasis, positive Ziehl-Neelsen. Antituberculous management is started. The typical presentation of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis has features in common with metastatic PTC nodes. Cervical lymphadenopathy in a patient with a PTC does not always indicate metastatic spread of the disease.

Abstract Allogalumna (Acrogalumna) longipluma (Berlese, 1904) is a species with a wide distribution, reported for the first time in Mexican territory. The specimens were collected from soil samples from oak-pine forest and orchard planted with avocado (Persea americana) in the municipality of Uruapan, Michoacán. This work aims to provide more information on the biology, behavior, and morphology of all stages of development under laboratory conditions. The life cycle from oviposition to adult death was 217 ± 69.9 days, the egg stage had the longest duration of 10.1 ± 1.8 days, followed by tritonymph 9.4 ± 2.6; the adult life was the one with the greatest variability. Changes in size, morphology, sclerotization, ototoxic system and chaetotaxy of the body of juveniles and adults are described and illustrated.

Resumen Allogalumna (Acrogalumna) longipluma (Berlese, 1904) es una especie de amplia distribución, se reporta por primera vez en territorio mexicano. Los ejemplares fueron colectados en muestras de suelo de bosque de encino-pino y huerta sembrada con aguacate (Persea americana) en el municipio de Uruapan, Michoacán. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar mayor información sobre la biología, comportamiento y morfología de todos los estadios de desarrollo en condiciones de laboratorio. El ciclo de vida desde la oviposición hasta la muerte del adulto fue de 217 ± 69.9 días, el estado de huevo tuvo la mayor duración 10.1 ± 1.8 días, seguido de la tritoninfa 9.4 ± 2.6; la vida adulta fue la de mayor variabilidad. Se describen e ilustran los cambios de tamaño, morfología, esclerotización, sistema octotáxico y quetotaxia del cuerpo de juveniles y adultos.

Abstract The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations include a strong emphasis on ending hunger worldwide. According to the 2019 Global Food Security Index, while 88% of countries claim there is sufficient food supply in their country, the sad reality is that 1 in 3 countries is facing insufficient availability of food supply, which means that in those countries, more than 10% of the population is malnourished. Since nutrition is crucial to leading a healthy life and satisfying food security needs, several governments have turned to national nutrition surveys to gauge the extent of malnutrition in their populations. Plants are able to grow, develop, and store nutrients by photosynthesis, which convert light into chemical energy through cell redox regulatory networks. A photosynthesis system's electron flow may be adjusted to accommodate varying light and environmental circumstances. Many techniques exist for controlling the flow of electrons emitted during light processes in order to save or waste energy. The two protein molecules TROL and flavoenzyme ferredoxin (oxidoreductase+NADP) (FNR) interact dynamically to form an excellent molecular switch capable of splitting electrons from the photosystem. The TROL-FNR bifurcation may be limited by either generating NADPH or preventing reactive oxygen species from propagating. TROL-based genome editing is an experimental method for enhancing plant stress and defensive responses, efficiency, and ultimately agricultural production.

Resumo Os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de 2030 da Organização das Nações Unidas incluem uma forte ênfase em acabar com a fome em todo o mundo. De acordo com o Índice Global de Segurança Alimentar de 2019, enquanto 88% dos países afirmam que há abastecimento alimentar suficiente em seu país, a triste realidade é que 1 em cada 3 países enfrenta disponibilidade insuficiente de alimentos, o que significa que, nesses países, mais de 10% da população está desnutrida. Uma vez que a nutrição é crucial para levar uma vida saudável e satisfazer as necessidades de segurança alimentar, vários governos recorreram a pesquisas nacionais de nutrição para avaliar a extensão da desnutrição em suas populações. As plantas são capazes de crescer, desenvolver e armazenar nutrientes pela fotossíntese, que converte luz em energia química por meio de redes reguladoras redox celulares. O fluxo de elétrons de um sistema de fotossíntese pode ser ajustado para acomodar luz variável e circunstâncias ambientais. Existem muitas técnicas para controlar o fluxo de elétrons emitidos durante os processos de luz, a fim de economizar ou desperdiçar energia. As duas moléculas de proteína TROL e a flavoenzima ferredoxina (oxidorredutase+NADP) (FNR) interagem dinamicamente para formar um excelente interruptor molecular capaz de separar elétrons do fotossistema. A bifurcação TROL-FNR pode ser limitada, gerando NADPH ou impedindo a propagação de espécies reativas de oxigênio. A edição do genoma baseada em TROL é um método experimental para aumentar o estresse da planta, as respostas defensivas, a eficiência e, finalmente, a produção agrícola.

Abstract Instead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3N4, MoS2, and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we'll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations.

Resumo Em vez do lixo doméstico típico, os complexos de metais pesados, produtos químicos orgânicos e outros venenos produzidos por grandes empresas ameaçam os sistemas de água em todo o mundo. Para proteger nossa água potável da poluição, devemos ficar de olho na situação. A nanotecnologia, especificamente nanomateriais bidimensionais (2D), é usada em certos sistemas de tratamento de águas residuais. Grafeno, g-C3N4, MoS2 e MXene são apenas alguns exemplos de nanomateriais 2D emergentes que exibem uma extraordinária proporção de superfície (m3), proporcionando consumo de material, consumo de tempo e técnica de tratamento para limpeza e observação da água. Neste trabalho, trataremos das maneiras pelas quais os nanomateriais 2D podem ser ajustados para desempenhar determinadas funções, ou seja, como eles podem ser usados para o gerenciamento de água. A seguir, uma breve visão geral dos materiais nanoestruturados e seu possível uso no gerenciamento de água. Serão também discutidas detalhadamente as aplicações de nanomateriais 2D na purificação de água, incluindo adsorção de poluentes, filtração, desinfecção e fotocatálise. Sensores de fluorescência, colorimétricos, eletroquímicos e transistores de efeito de campo são apenas alguns dos dispositivos que estão sendo estudados para uso potencial no monitoramento da qualidade da água usando nanomateriais 2D. A utilização de conteúdo 2D tem seus benefícios e armadilhas quando utilizada para gerenciamento de água. Novos desenvolvimentos neste negócio em rápida expansão visam aumentar a qualidade e a acessibilidade do tratamento de água em resposta à crescente conscientização sobre a necessidade de água limpa e fresca entre as gerações futuras.

Abstract Functional beverages with added health benefits are popular among peoples and athletes because they help them recover faster from intense workouts and perform better overall. This research set out to determine how well heat-treated stem juice from Oxalis tuberosa Mol. “oca” and fruit juice from Gaultheria glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer “laqa-laqa” performed as an antioxidant in a functional drink. The “oca” stems and the “laqa-laqa” fruit were collected to obtain the juice. For this study, 30 semi-trained panellists used sensory evaluation to rate four treatments (Bo, B1, B2, and B3) with varying quantities of “oca” and “laqa-laqa” juice. The results concluded that the treatment B2, which included 300 ml of “oca” stem juice, 800 ml of “laqa-laqa” juice, 1000 ml of treated water, and 220 g of refined sugar, was given the highest score after a physicochemical evaluation of its colour, smell, taste, and overall appearance. Similarly, the results showed that the protein content increased by 1.38%, the fat content by 1.08%, the moisture percentage by 99.5%, the ash content by 1.82%, and the carbohydrate content by 6.22% after B2 treatment. Similarly, results revealed significant enhancement in antioxidant profiling such as total polyphenols: 1825 mg of gallic acid/100 g and antioxidant Activity: 89.56% μmol of trolox /100 g. In conclusion, due to its high energy content and antioxidant activity, it may be a viable nutritional option for athletes who engage in rigorous, frequent physical exertion.

Resumo As bebidas funcionais com benefícios adicionais à saúde são populares entre as pessoas e os atletas porque os ajudam a se recuperar mais rapidamente de exercícios intensos e a ter um desempenho geral melhor. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar o quão beneficamente o suco do caule tratado termicamente de Oxalis tuberosa Mol. “oca” e o suco de fruta de Gaultheria glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer “laqa-laqa” atuaram como antioxidante em bebida funcional. Os caules da “oca” e os frutos da “laqa-laqa” foram coletados para a obtenção do suco. Para este estudo, 30 provadores semitreinados usaram a avaliação sensorial para avaliar quatro tratamentos (B0, B1, B2 e B3) com quantidades variadas de suco de “oca” e “laqa-laqa”. Os resultados indicaram que o tratamento B2, que incluía 300 mL de suco de caule de “oca”, 800 mL de suco de “laqa-laqa”, 1.000 mL de água tratada e 220 g de açúcar refinado, obteve a maior pontuação após avaliação físico-química e avaliação de cor, cheiro, sabor e aparência geral. Da mesma forma, os resultados mostraram que o teor de proteína aumentou em 1,38%, o teor de gordura, em 1,08%, o percentual de umidade, em 99,5%, o teor de cinzas, em 1,82%, e o teor de carboidratos, em 6,22%, após o tratamento B2. Da mesma forma, os resultados revelaram aumento significativo no perfil antioxidante, como polifenóis totais: 1.825 mg de ácido gálico/100 g e atividade antioxidante de 89,56% μmol de trolox /100 g. Em conclusão, devido ao seu alto teor energético e à atividade antioxidante, pode ser uma opção nutricional viável para atletas que praticam esforço físico rigoroso e frequente.

RESUMEN: En busca de sustratos alternativos para plantas ornamentales en contenedores, se cultivaron plantas de Dendranthema grandiflora (crisantemo) en macetas en la Región del Maule para la floración de verano, utilizando aserrín fresco puro y aserrín más corteza de pino (ambos de Pinus radiata) en mezclas como medio de cultivo, con fertilizante soluble en fertirrigación, Esquejes enraizados del cv. 'Marina' (tipo belga) se plantaron individualmente en macetas de 17 cm (diámetro) x 14 cm (altura) llenas con los diferentes medios. Durante 75 días, las plantas se mantuvieron en un inver^idero sin calefacción durante largos días artificiales y sefertilizaron semanalmente con un fertilizante soluble. Después de despuntar los ápices, las plantas se sacaron del invernadero a pleno sol y se aplicaron días cortos artificiales durante 8 semanas. En un diseño de parcelas divididas se realizaron 8 tratamientos: 4 mezclas de medios (aserrín puro y aserrín: corteza en proporciones 1:1, 2:1 o 3:1 por volumen), y 2 frecuencias de riego con fertilizante soluble; diariamente y cada 2 días (aplicando una solución de 200ppm N, a base de un fertilizante NPK soluble, con 3 réplicas por tratamiento). Las plantas mostraron un crecimiento reducido en aserrín puro (25,5 cm de altura) en comparación con aserrín: corteza (30 a 35 cm). Las mezclas de medios y la frecuencia de fertilización afectaron el diámetro; las plantas en aserrín puro tuvieron un diámetro menor (34 cm) que las plantas cultivadas en aserrín: corteza (40 cm). Las plantas fertilizadas cada 2 días tuvieron un diámetro menor (36 cm) que las fertilizadas diariamente (41 cm). Las plantas cultivadas en aserrín puro tejían hojas de color verde amarillento, mientras que las hojas de las plantas cultivadas en aserrín más corteza mostraban colores cercanos al verde oscuro. Las flores mostraban un color diferente a las cultivadas en otoño (amarillo vs naranja). Las plantas de todos los tratamientos florecieron en la misma fecha. El pH de todas las mezclas de medios en todas las mediciones durante el tiempo de cultivo fue cercano a 6.0. Se concluye que es posible cultivar crisantemos en macetas en todas las mezclas de medios probadas, pero en el caso de aserrín puro, para evitar problemas debido a su baja retención de la solución de riego, se recomienda mezclarlo con corteza de pino en proporción 3:1.

ABSTRACT: In search for alternative substrates for containerized ornamentals, potted Dgndranthema grandiflora (chrysanthemum) plants were grown in Maule Region for summer flowering, using pure fresh sawdust and sawdust plus pine bark (both from Pinus radiata) in mixes as growing media, with soluble fertilizer in fertigation. Rooted cuttings of cv. 'Marina' (Belgian type) were planted individually in 17 cm (diameter) x 14 cm (height) pots filled with different media. For 75 days, plants were kept in an unheated greenhouse under artificial long days and were fertilized weekly with a soluble fertilizer. After pinching, plants were taken outside the greenhouse to full sun conditions, and artificial short days were applied for 8 weeks. In a split plot design, 8 treatments were carried out: 4 media mixes (pure sawdust and sawdust: bark in ratios 1:1, 2:1 or 3:1 by volume), and 2 frequencies of watering with soluble fertilizer; daily and every 2 days (applying a solution of 200 ppm N, based on a soluble NPK fertilizer, with 3 replica per treatment. Plants showed a reduced growth in pure sawdust (25.5 cm height) as compared with sawdust: bark (30 to 35 cm). Media mixes and fertilization frequency affected diameter; plants in pure sawdust had a smaller diameter (34 cm) than plants cultivated in sawdust: bark (40 cm). Plants fertilized every 2 days had a smaller diameter (36 cm) than those fertilized daily (41 cm). Plants grown in pure sawdust had yellowish-green leaves, while the leaves of plants grown in sawdust plus bark showed colors close to dark green. Flowers showed different color as when grown in autumn (yellow vs. orange). Plants of all treatments bloomed on the same date. The pH of all media mixes in all measurements during cultivation time was close to 6.0. It is concluded that it is possible to grow potted chrysanthemum in all the tested media mixes, but in the case of pure sawdust, to avoid problems due to its low retention of irrigation solution, it is advisable to mix it with pine bark in a 3:1 ratio.

Abstract Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most prevalent acute conditions in the pediatric population worldwide. This work aimed to elaborate a Clinical Practice Guideline with clinical recommendations systematically developed to assist decision-making of specialists, patients, caregivers, and public policymakers involved in managing patients with AOM in children. Methods: This document was developed by the College of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology and Head, and Neck Surgery of Mexico (COPEME) in compliance with international standards. The SIGN quality of evidence classification was used. On behalf of the COPEME, the Guideline Development Group (GDG) was integrated, including otolaryngologists, infectologists, pediatricians, general practitioners, and methodologists with experience in systematic literature reviews and the development of clinical practice guidelines. Results: A consensus was reached on 18 clinical questions, covering what was previously established by the GDG in the scope document of the guidelines. Scientific evidence answering each of these clinical questions was identified and critically evaluated. The GDG agreed on the final wording of the clinical recommendations using the modified Delphi panel technique. Specialists and patient representatives conducted an external validation. Conclusions: This Clinical Practice Guideline presents clinical recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of AOM to assist shared decision-making among physicians, patients, and caregivers and improve the quality of clinical care.

Resumen Introducción: La otitis media aguda (OMA) es uno de los padecimientos agudos más prevalentes en la población pediátrica a escala global. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar una guía de práctica clínica con recomendaciones para asistir la toma de decisiones de médicos especialistas, pacientes, cuidadores de pacientes y elaboradores de políticas públicas involucrados en el manejo de la OMA en niños. Métodos: El documento ha sido desarrollado por parte del Colegio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello Pediátricas de México (COPEME) en cumplimiento con los estándares internacionales. Se empleó la clasificación de calidad de la evidencia de SIGN. En representación del COPEME, se integró el Grupo de Desarrollo de la Guía (GDG), que incluyó otorrinolaringólogos, infectólogos, pediatras, médicos generales y metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica. Resultados: Se consensuaron 18 preguntas clínicas que abarcaron lo establecido previamente por el GDG en el documento de alcances de la Guía. Se identificó la evidencia científica que responde a cada una de estas preguntas clínicas y se evaluó críticamente. El GDG acordó la redacción final de las recomendaciones clínicas mediante la técnica Delphi de panel. Se llevó a cabo una validación externa por colegas especialistas y representantes de pacientes. Conclusiones: En esta Guía de Práctica Clínica se presentan recomendaciones clínicas para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo de la OMA, con el fin de asistir la toma de decisiones compartidas entre médicos, pacientes y cuidadores con la intención de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de la atención clínica.

Resumo A informação de referência hematológica e bioquímica do sangue é importante para estabelecer o estado fisiológico das populações de arraias de água doce e melhorar os protocolos de cuidado e manejo em ambientes artificiais. Aqui, usamos uma espécie comercial de arraia de água doce com elevadas taxas de mortalidade no mercado (Potamotrygon magdalenae) como espécie exemplo para compreender de que modo os ambientes artificiais e os protocolos de manipulação influenciam o estado fisiológico das arraias de água doce em cativeiro. Para este fim, foi coletado sangue de cinco machos adultos e seis fêmeas adultas para realizar contagens completas de células sanguíneas e análises bioquímicas de sangue. Todos os animais amostrados mostraram boa condição corpórea, sem diferenças entre os sexos. Diferenças entre os sexos foram encontradas só na contagem diferencial de linfócitos. Os resultados de células sanguíneas vermelhas foram consistentes com potamotrigonídeos previamente estudados, enquanto o leucograma revelou valores mais elevados de leucócitos, trombócitos, heterófilos e linfócitos em P. magdalenae, em comparação com outros potamotrigonídeos. Todos os tipos de leucócitos descritos para elasmobrânquios foram encontrados, exceto para neutrófilos e basófilos. Todos os tipos de leucócitos descritos para elasmobrânquios foram encontrados, exceto para neutrófilos e basófilos. Os metabólitos do sangue mostraram influência da dieta ex situ nas proteínas totais, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Os resultados da glicose foram consistentes, enquanto a ureia mostrou níveis mais baixos do que os registrados para outras espécies de arraias de água doce. Os resultados da glicose foram consistentes, enquanto a ureia mostrou níveis mais baixos em P. magdalenae. Estes resultados enfatizam a importância da análise física, fisiológica e de saúde em arraias de água doce como parte da avaliação do bem-estar para melhorar os protocolos de monitoramento e as taxas de sobrevivência em aquários públicos ou privados.

Abstract Hematological and blood biochemical reference information is important to establish physiological status of freshwater stingray populations and improve care and management protocols in artificial environments. Here, we used a commercial freshwater stingray with high mortality rates in the market (Potamotrygon magdalenae), as an example to understand how artificial environments and handling protocols influence physiological status of captive freshwater stingrays. To this purpose, blood from five adult males and six adult females was collected to perform complete blood counts and blood chemistry analyses. All sampled animals showed good body condition with no differences between sexes. Differences between sexes were only found for the differential count of lymphocytes. Red blood results were consistent with previously studied potamotrygonids while white blood results showed higher values of leukocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils and lymphocytes in P. magdalenae compared to other Potamotrygonids. All types of leukocytes described for elasmobranchs were found except neutrophils and basophils. Blood metabolites showed an influence of ex situ diet in total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glucose results were consistent while urea showed lower levels than those recorded for other freshwater stingrays. These results highlight the importance of physical, physiological and health analysis in freshwater stingrays as a part of welfare assessment to improve monitoring protocols and survival rates in public or private aquaria.

Resumen Tuber es un género de hongos ectomicorrízicos con una importante diversidad de especies asociada a hospederos en Junglandaceae. Tuber caryophilum es propuesta como una especie nueva basada en caracteres ecológicos, morfológicos y filogenéticos de 2 marcadores ribosomales (ITS y LSU). Esta especie se caracteriza por formar ectomicorrizas en las raíces de Carya illinoinensis (nogal pecanero) en la Comarca Lagunera de Coahuila y en Chihuahua, México y por presentar ascosporas equinuladas de 18-48 × 10-27 μm. Tuber caryophilum pertenece al clado Rufum y es la especie hermana de Tuber theleascum, una especie descrita del norte de México asociada con Quercus canbyi y Q. polymorpha. Estas 2 especies de trufas pertenecen a un clado del sur de EUA y norte de México con taxones asociados a Quercus y Carya como Tuber lyonii.

Abstract Tuber is a genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi with an important diversity of species associated with hosts in Juglandaceae. Tuber caryophilum is proposed as a new species based on ecological, morphological and phylogenetic characters of 2 ribosomal markers (ITS and LSU). This species is characterized by forming ectomycorrhizae on the roots of Carya illinoinensis (nogal pecanero) in the Comarca Lagunera of Coahuila and Chihuahua, Mexico and by exhibiting 18-48 × 10-27 μm echinulate ascospores. Tuber caryophilum belongs to the Rufum clade and is the sister species of Tuber theleascum, a species reported in northern Mexico associated with Quercus canbyi and Q. polymorpha. These 2 truffles belong to a clade from the southern USA and northern Mexico with taxa associated to Quercus and Carya, such as Tuber lyonii.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the prevention and control practices for the infection to SARS-COV2 in the Peruvian population. Methods: Observational descriptive study. We evaluated a non-probabilistic sample of adult residents in some departments of Peru. Preventive practices were evaluated in people without a history of COVID-19 and control practices in people who had suffered it. Results: We evaluated 3630 Peruvians (mean age 25.4 ± 9.5), of that 3231 don’t have a history of COVID-19 and 399 who had suffered it. The prevention and control practices that were realized often or always, with more frequencies, was the use of a mask when they go out home (97.9% vs 87.7), cover their nose or mouth when they sneeze (95.4% vs 89.9%), save the distance to other people in the street (91.4% vs 74.7%), wash their hands when they came home (92.5% vs 88.7%), and disinfect the objects and personal places (82.6% vs 77.4%). The 22.1% and 83.7%, the 59.7% and 80.2, and the 8.0% and 16.8% consumed some type of medicine, medicinal plant, and chlorine dioxide to prevent and control the infection, respectively. Conclusion In general, less than 50% of the participants performed prevention and control practices against COVID-19 often or always.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de prevención y control para la infección por SARS-CoV2 en la población peruana. Métodos: Estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo. Se evaluó una muestra no probabilística de adultos residentes en algún departamento de Perú. Las prácticas preventivas fueron evaluadas en personas sin antecedente de COVID-19 y las prácticas de control en personas que lo habían padecido. Resultados: Se evaluó un total de 3630 peruanos (edad media 25,4 ± 9,5) de los cuales el 3231 no indicaban el antecedente de COVID-19 y 399 refirieron haberlo padecido. Las medidas de prevención y control que se realizaron a menudo o siempre con mayor frecuencia fueron el utilizar mascarilla al salir de casa (97,9% vs 87,7), cubrirse su nariz y boca al estornudar o toser (95,4% vs 89,9%), guardar distancia de los demás en la calle (91,4% vs 74,7%), realizar el lavado de manos con agua y jabón al volver a casa (92,5% vs 88,7%), y desinfectar las superficies de objetos y lugares personales (82,6% vs 77,4%). El 22,1% y 83,7%, el 59,7% y 80,2, y el 8,0% y 16,8% consumieron algún tipo de medicamento, planta medicinal y dióxido de cloro para la prevención y control de la infección de COVID-19, respectivamente. Conclusiones En general, menos del 50% de los participantes realizaron prácticas de prevención y control frente a la COVID-19 a menudo o siempre.

Abstract: The primary purpose of the present study is to identify the most prevalent anthocyanins in Gaultheria glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer fruit extracts and assess the effects of different conservation conditions on total anthocyanins (TA), total polyphenols (TP), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH). TA, TP, and DPPH are determined by the pH differential method, the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the DPPH method, respectively. The results obtained for fresh, frozen, and dry fruit are: 1) TA = 19.25, 21.71, and 12.92 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside/100g, 2) TP = 1585.49, 820.73, and 1804.07 mg of gallic acid/100g, DPPH = 38.39, 35.10, and 36.81 µmol trolox/g, respectively. In conclusion, based on the bioactive compound content obtained, G. glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer fruit is a healthy functional food and the best method for its conservation is freezing when compared to dried fruit.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar las antocianinas mayoritarias en extractos de frutos de Gaultheria glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer y valorar el efecto de diferentes estados de conservación sobre antocianinas totales (CAT), polifenoles totales (PFT) y la capacidad antioxidante (DPPH). Las CAT se determinaron mediante el método pH diferencial, los PFT a través del método Folin-Ciocalteu, y la capacidad antioxidante con el método DPPH. Los resultados obtenidos para frutos fresco, congelado y seco son: 1) CAT = 19.25, 21.71 y 12.92 mg de cianidina 3-glucósido/100g, 2) PFT = 1585.49, 820.73 y 1804.07 mg de ácido gálico/100g, y 3) DPPH = 38.39, 35.10 y 36.81 µmol trolox/g, respectivamente. En conclusión, por su contenido de compuestos bioactivos, los frutos de G. glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer podrían utilizarse como alimento funcional saludable, siendo el mejor estado de conservación el congelado con referencia a los frutos secos.

Abstract A micropropagation protocol for G. pumila was developed. Young shoots were collected during the growing season (October to December 2016) from a wild population in the Villarrica Volcano area in the Araucanía Region of Chile. Nodal segments were used for in vitro initiation after testing several disinfection treatments with different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Disinfected explants were placed onto 100% WPM basal medium (WPM100) supplemented with a range of concentrations of 2-iP (2-isopentenyladenine) to evaluate the best regeneration media during in vitro culture. Disinfection with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 40 minutes, followed by a second disinfection with 2% sodium hypochlorite for 25 minutes, and cultivation on MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mg L−1 2-iP gave the highest efficiency of disinfected plants. In the propagation stage, the highest multiplication rates were obtained when 1 mg L−1 zeatin was added to the basal WPM100 medium. In vitro rooting and preacclimation were better when elongated plants were cultivated on WPM100 supplemented with 3 mg L−1 naphthalene acetic acid. This in vitro protocol could be used to propagate genotypes of this Chilean native species and is also an important tool toward its domestication and commercial use.

Resumen Se desarrolló un protocolo de micropropagación para G. pumila. Los brotes jóvenes fueron recolectados durante la temporada de crecimiento (octubre a diciembre 2016) de una población silvestre en el área del Volcán Villarrica, in la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Se utilizaron segmentos nodales para la iniciación in vitro, se probaron varios tratamientos de desinfección con diferentes concentraciones de hipoclorito de sodio. Los explantes desinfectados se colocaron en el medio basal WPM100% (WPM100) suplementado con diferentes concentraciones de 2-isopentiladenina (2-iP), con el fin de evaluar el mejor medio de regeneración durante el cultivo in vitro. La desinfección se realizó con hipoclorito de sodio al 1% durante 40 minutos, seguida de una segunda desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio al 2% durante 25 minutos y utilizando el medio de cultivo basal MS suplementado con 2mg L−1 de 2-iP que proporcionó la mayor eficiencia de las plantas desinfectadas. En la etapa de propagación, las tasas de multiplicación más altas se obtuvieron cuando se agregó 1mg L−1 de Zeatina al medio basal WPM100. El enraizamiento y la preaclimatación in vitro fueron mejores cuando los explantes se cultivaron en WPM100 suplementado con 3mg L−1 de ácido naftaleno acético. Este protocolo in vitro puede ser usado para propagar genotipos de esta especie nativa chilena, además, de ser una herramienta importante para su domesticación y potencial uso.